1- FROM SURFACE TO (rRNA)
1- Surface Science: The science encompasses concepts such as
heterogeneous catalysis
2- Heterogeneous Catalysis: Refers to the form of catalysis
3- Catalysis: Is the change in rate of a chemical reaction due to
the participation of a substance called a catalyst
4- RNA: Is able both to store genetic information, like DNA, and to catalyze chemical
reactions, like an enzyme protein
5- A few RNA molecules
called ribozymes also catalyze reactions, with an important
example being some parts of the ribosome
6- Ribosomes: Have
been classified as ribozymes, because the ribosomal RNA seems to
be most important for the peptidyl transferase activity that links
amino acids together
7- Peptidyl
transferase activity: Is carried out by the ribosome. Peptidyl
transferase activity is not mediated by any ribosomal proteins but by ribosomal
RNA (rRNA)
2- RUGOSA CORALS POLYMER
1-
Interlocutor: Reaction to acoustic waves
2-
Interactive: Gene/protein interaction
3-
Linear: In which the molecules form long
chains without branches or cross-linked structures.
4-
Natural: Not synthetic
5-
Purposeful: Having a definite purpose in view
6-
Coincidable: Able to correspond in nature
7-
Impermeable: Not allowing fluid to pass
through
8-
Distensible: Capable of being distended; able
to stretch and expand
9-
Catalyst: Participate in multiple chemical
transformations
3- RUGOSA CORALS MANOMER
1- Addition Polymer: Is a polymer
which is formed by an addition reaction, where
many monomers bond together via rearrangement of
bonds without the loss of any atom or molecule.
1-1 Monomer: Is
a molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to
form a polymer. The term "monomeric protein" may also be used to
describe one of the proteins making up a multiprotein complex
1-2 Monomeric Protein: The term
"monomeric protein" may also be used to describe one of the proteins
making up a multiprotein complex
1-3 Amino acids: Are natural
monomers that polymerize at ribosomes to form proteins. Nucleotides,
monomers found in the cell nucleus, polymerize to form nucleic acids- DNA and RNA.
1-4 Glucose Monomers: Can polymerize
to form starches, glycogen or cellulose; xylose monomers can polymerise to form xylan.
In all these cases, a hydrogen atom and a hydroxyl (-OH)
group are lost to form H2O, and an oxygen atom links each monomer
unit. Due to the formation of water as one of the products, these
reactions are known as dehydration or condensation reactions.
1-5 Polymerization: In polymer chemistry, polymerization is
a process of reacting monomer
molecules together in a chemical reaction to
form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks
1-6 Step-growth Polymerization: Refers to a type
of polymerization mechanism in which bi-functional or
multifunctional monomers react to form first dimers,
then trimers, longer oligomers and eventually long
chain polymers. Many naturally occurring and some synthetic polymers are
produced by step-growth polymerization.
1-7 Addition Polymerization: "Chain growth
polymerization" and addition polymerization (also
called polyaddition) are two different concepts. In fact polyurethane polymerizes
with addition polymerization (because its polymerization does not produce any small
molecules, called "condensate"), but its reaction
mechanism is a step-growth polymerization.
2-1 Addition Reaction: In organic
chemistry, is in its simplest terms an organic reaction where two or
more molecules combine to form a larger one.
2-2 Amino acids: Are molecules containing
an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and
a side-chain that is specific to each amino acid. The key elements of
an amino acid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. They are
particularly important in biochemistry, where the term usually refers
to alpha-amino acids.
2-3 Ribosome: Is a large complex
molecule which is responsible for catalyzing the formation
of proteins from individual amino
acids using messenger RNA as a template. This process is known
as translation. Ribosomes are found in all living cells.
2-4 Proteins: Are biochemical compounds consisting
of one or more polypeptides typically folded into
a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological
function.
2-5 Polypeptide: Is a single linear polymer chain
of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between
the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino
acid residues. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is defined
by the sequence of a gene, which is encoded in the genetic
code. In general, the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids; however,
in certain organisms the genetic code can includeselenocysteine and in
certain archaea-pyrrolysine.
2-6 Sequence or Primary Structure
of a Nucleic acid: Is the composition of atoms that make up the nucleic
acid and the chemical bonds that bond those atoms. Because
nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA, are unbranched polymers,
this specification is equivalent to specifying the sequence of nucleotides that
comprise the molecule.
2-7 Catalysis: Is the change
in rate of a chemical reaction due to the participation of
a substance called a catalyst. Unlike other reagents that participate
in the chemical reaction, a catalyst is not consumed by the reaction itself. A
catalyst may participate in multiple chemical transformations. Catalysts that
speed the reaction are called positive catalysts. Substances that slow a
catalyst's effect in a chemical reaction are called inhibitors. Substances
that increase the activity of catalysts are called promoters, and substances
that deactivate catalysts are called catalytic poisons.
2-8 Kinetic Waves: Kinetically,
catalytic reactions are typical chemical reactions; the reaction rate
depends on the frequency of contact of the reactants in the rate-determining
step. Usually, the catalyst participates in this slowest step, and rates are
limited by amount of catalyst and its "activity".
In heterogeneous catalysis, the diffusion of reagents to the surface and
diffusion of products from the surface can be rate determining.
2-8-1 Kinetic Energy: Of an object is
the energy which it possesses due to its motion. It is
defined as the work needed to accelerate a body of a given mass from
rest to its stated velocity. Having gained this energy during
its acceleration, the body maintains this kinetic energy unless its speed
changes. The same amount of work is done by the body in decelerating from its
current speed to a state of rest (Kinetic stability).
2-9 Heterogeneous Catalysis in Chemistry: Refers to
the form of catalysis where the phase of
the catalyst differs from that of the reactants. Phase here refers
not only to solid, liquid, and gas, but also immiscible liquids,
e.g. oil and water. The great majority of practical
heterogeneous catalysts are solids and the great majority of reactants are
gases or liquids.
4- RUGOSA CORALS METABOLISM
1- Metabolism: Is usually divided into two
categories. Catabolism breaks down organic matter, for example to
harvest energy in cellular respiration. Anabolism uses energy to construct
components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids.
2- Protein Metabolism: Denotes the
various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis
of proteins and amino acids, and the breakdown of proteins (and
other large molecules, too) by catabolism.
3- Protein Catabolism: Is the breakdown
of proteins into amino acids and simple derivative
compounds, for transport into the cell through the plasma
membrane and ultimately for the polymerisation into new proteins via the
use of ribonucleic acids (RNA) and ribosomes.
4- Metabolic Network: Is the complete
set of metabolic and physical processes that determine
the physiological and biochemical properties of a cell. As
such, these networks comprise the chemical reactions of metabolism as well as
the regulatory interactions that guide these reactions.
5- Interaction: Is a kind of action that occurs as two or
more objects have an effect upon one another. The idea of a two-way effect is
essential in the concept of interaction, as opposed to a one-way causal effect.
A closely related term is interconnectivity, which deals with the
interactions of interactions within systems: combinations of many simple
interactions can lead to surprising emergent phenomena.
In molecular biology, the knowledge on gene/protein interaction
among themselves and with their metabolites is referred to
as molecular pathways.
6- Metabolic Pathways (Biochemistry): Are series
of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
In each pathway, a principal chemical is modified by a series of chemical
reactions. Enzymes catalyze these reactions, and often require
dietary minerals, vitamins, and other cofactors in order to function
properly. Because of the many chemicals (a.k.a. "metabolites") that
may be involved, metabolic pathways can be quite elaborate. In addition,
numerous distinct pathways co-exist within a cell. This collection of pathways
is called the metabolic network.
5- RUGOSA CORALS GENOME
1- Genome: Includes both the genes and the non-coding
sequences of the DNA/RNA
1-2 Gene: is a molecular
unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to
some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for
apolypeptide or for an RNA chain.
When proteins are manufactured, the
gene is first copied into RNA as an intermediate product. In other
cases, the RNA molecules are the actual functional products. For example, RNAs
known as ribozymes are capable of enzymatic function,
and microRNA has a regulatory role. The DNA sequences from
which such RNAs are transcribed are known as RNA genes.
1- 3 Non-coding RNA (ncRNA): Is a
functional RNA molecule that is not translated into
a protein. Less-frequently used synonyms are non-protein-coding RNA
(npcRNA), non-messenger RNA (nmRNA) and functional RNA (fRNA).The
term small RNA (sRNA) is often used for
short bacterial ncRNAs. The DNA sequence from which a
non-coding RNA is transcribed is often called an RNA gene.
Non-coding RNA genes include highly
abundant and functionally important RNAs such as transfer RNA (tRNA)
and ribosomal RNA (rRNA),
1- 4 Ribosomal Ribonucleic
acid (rRNA): Is the RNA component of the ribosome,
the enzyme that is the site of protein synthesis in all
living cells. Ribosomal RNA provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA into amino
acids and interacts with tRNAs during translation by
providing peptidyl transferase activity. The tRNAs bring the
necessary amino acids corresponding to the appropriate mRNA codon.
1- 5 Enzymes: Are biological
molecules that catalyze (i.e., increase the
rates of) chemical reactions. In enzymatic reactions,
the molecules at the beginning of the process, called substrates, are
converted into different molecules, called products. Almost all chemical
reactions in a biological cell need enzymes in order to occur at
rates sufficient for life. Since enzymes are selective for their substrates and
speed up only a few reactions from among many possibilities, the set of enzymes
made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that
cell.
HYPOTHESIS (THREE IN ONE)
1- Nano-Molecular Microbiology: Is primarily
involved in the interactions between the various cell systems of microorganisms
including the interrelationship of DNA, RNA and protein
biosynthesis and the manner in which these interactions are regulated.
2- Chromosome: Is an organized
structure of DNA and protein found in cells. It is a
single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory
elements and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain
DNA-bound proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.
2-1 Nano-Optics: Is the branch
of physics which involves the behaviour and properties of light,
including its interactions with matter and the construction
of instruments that use or detect it.
2-2 Nano-Energy: It is a nuclear
power energy which occurs during nuclear fission.
2-3 In nuclear
physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission refers
to either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process
in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts
(lighter nuclei), often producing
free neutrons and photons (in the form of gamma rays),
and releasing a very large amount of energy, even by the energetic
standards of radioactive decay.
2-4 Nanoparticle: In nanotechnology, a particle is defined
as a small object that behaves as a whole unit in terms of its transport and
properties.
3- Eukaryotes: Are (cells with nuclei such as those found in plants, yeast, and animals) possess multiple large linear chromosomes contained in the cell's nucleus.
Under extreme conditions chromosomes within the Rugosa corals interact
with Phonons and Antiparticles, all three become adjacent and juxtapose to form
Nanoparticles.
Chromosome + Phonon + Antiparticle =
Nanoparticle
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RUGOSA CORALS NANO-CHARACTERIZATION
Natural: All the process of the production
of nanoparticles is made by natural conditions created to the living
rugosa corals to produce a particular nanoparticle. Light, temperature and
time are the most influential during this process.
Fungi: This kind of
nanoparticles is fungus, means their cell walls contains chitin. Once
combined to form a composite material it produces a much stronger, harder
and stiffer than pure chitin.
Electronics: Electrons are the
base of this kind of nanoparticles
Fibers: They are attached
to each other by the covalent bonding.
Wet: They are the product of
a wet chemistry that means they don't evaporate and they are easy to store.
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Definition from Wikipedia
